Their use and dispersion are environmental and societal concerns due to their potential environmental and health impacts, especially on farmers or residents of agricultural areas (INSERM 2013). It is now recognized that pesticide use has led to the contamination of both environment and food (Carvalho 2017 Mitchell et al. In this context, pesticides used in agriculture are of specific concern because:Īgricultural systems, subject to frequent and diverse pesticide inputs, have been treated for more than 70 years with pesticides and other biocides to increase crop production and quality (Kremen and Miles 2012 Oerke 2006) and remain mostly dependent on their use. Contaminant dynamics of contaminants in socioecological systems (SES) such as agroecosystems, which results in multicompartment exposures of organisms with different ecology (e.g., interindividual interactions and social behavior, trophic relationships), are the current bottlenecks that prevent prediction and mitigation of pollutant impacts at landscape or regional scales (EFSA 2010 Topping et al. However, the key processes and factors controlling ecosystem exposure, vulnerability, and resilience at appropriate scales often remain elusive (Moe et al. In particular, interactions between processes at the relevant ecological and spatiotemporal scales, and the complex effects of pesticides in mixtures, should be taken in consideration (Pelosi et al.
2015), they limit our capacity to identify, predict, and mitigate effects of chemicals (Beketov and Liess 2012). Because ecotoxicological studies are most often carried out in conditions far from real conditions (Topping et al. AllEnvi, Aviesan, and Athena, the French alliances that combine the national research potential and coordinate the scientific strategy, created the French initiative on toxicology, ecotoxicology, epidemiology, and social sciences, that underlined these points in 2013 (AllEnvi 2013). For many years, the scientific community has emphasized the lack of long-term field- and landscape-scale monitoring of the fate of chemicals in water, soil, air, and biota, and of their negative effects on living organisms. One of the greatest challenges for ecosystem sustainability and human health is currently the ever-increasing pollution of all environmental compartments by chemicals of various types and properties.
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